Design Context: OUGD501- The Gaze and the Media Lecture Notes

according to usage and conventions which are at last being questioned but have by no means been overcome men act and women appear. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at’
(Berger 1972)

Berger was saying that women have internalised themselves

Hans Memling ‘Vanity’
(1485)

Triptych of Earthly Vanity and Divine Salvation (front) (c.1485)
Oil on oak panel, 22 x 15 cm (each wing) Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg

Because she holds a mirror in her hand its ok for us to look at her.

Mirror is a recurring theme.
Aloud and encouraged by the position of the body to gaze at the woman.

The hand held on her brow covers her gaze encouraging us to look at her. Invited by the artist and woman to look.

Sophie Dahl for Opium

Deemed to be to sexual when first published due to the hand on the breast.

To get it published they turned it on its side to emphasise the face.

Titus's Venus of Urbino, 1538

Looks out the side of her eyes in a flirty manner to entice the viewer. The position of her left hand appears to cover herself in a sexual manner.

MAnet- Olympia 1863

Again the hand position stops the view of the body.

Celebrating the powerful female figure.

Ingres Le Grand Odalisque 1814

Gorilla girls.

Displayed on buses.

Manet- Bar at the Folies Bergeres 1882

Self portrait
warped perspective
look of exclusion
highlights the superficiality of paris of the time

Jeff Wall Picture For Women 1979
repeats vacant inactive look

the photographer separates himself from the woman
complex use of space

The action of the camera replicates the male gaze
figures behind take no notice get on with their day
model wears sunglasses which prevents her gaze being seen

Eva Herzigova 1994
Normalisation of the female body unclothed

R Coward 1984

results in a detachment of women as real people

become objects form of voyeurism

Male body is used as well and objectified
hes sleeping which conveys spying

The male gaze always looks back at the viewer
nothing passive

Marilyn: William Travillas dress from the Seven Year Itch 1955
she looks at the way bodies are chopped up by the camera
sexual scene certain parts of the body are close up
females are never the leader of the narrative

darken room invites people to fantasise
sexually charged environment

Artemisia Gentileschi
females show aggressive active roles which is unusual
wants to reposition the role of woman in art history

Pollock, G 1981

•Women ‘marginalised within the masculine discourses of art history’
•This marginalisation supports the ‘hegemony of men in cultural practice, in art’

•Women not only marginalised but supposed to be marginalised

Cindy Sherman
1977 -79
Her work challenges the gaze
she appears to be lost in moment in though
awkwardness of the hand position

Barbara Kruger
1981
challenges the idea of why can't we look at human body

Sarah Lucas 1990
eating a banana
refers to the sexual

She uses food to describe

Tracey Emin 2001
Money photo
challenging critism

Caroline Lucas MP in June 2013
was asked to remove the t-shirt

Lucy-Ann Holmes, who founded a campaign to end the publication of topless "Page 3 Girls" in The Sun newspaper last year, told the BBC that while she had also received death threats, she had not been subject to the level of "sustained attack" experienced by Ms Criado-Perez.

"I'd say it's a constant undercurrent, when women write about feminist issues or are exposed in a lot of media for speaking out about sexism they tend to get a barrage of abuse and threats," she said. (www.bbc.co.uk)

Elizabeth (Betsy) Fry (21 May 1780 – 12 October 1845), née Gurney, was an English prison reformer, social reformer and, as a Quaker, a Christian philanthropist. She has sometimes been referred to as the "angel of prisons".

Fry was a major driving force behind new legislation to make the treatment of prisoners more humane, and she was supported in her efforts by the reigning monarch. Since 2001, she has been depicted on the Bank of England £5 note.

She received up to 50 threats a day via Twitter including threats to rape and murder.

Although she reported the abuse police lost evidence and she was forced to delete her account

Lucy-Ann Holmes, who founded a campaign to end the publication of topless "Page 3 Girls" in The Sun newspaper last year, told the BBC that while she had also received death threats, she had not been subject to the level of "sustained attack" experienced by Ms Criado-Perez.

"I'd say it's a constant undercurrent, when women write about feminist issues or are exposed in a lot of media for speaking out about sexism they tend to get a barrage of abuse and threats," she said. (www.bbc.co.uk)